Patrick Geddes was a co-founder and CEO of Aperio Group, an industry leader in customized indexing, focusing on tax-advantaged portfolios, investor ESG preferences, and factor-based strategies. After Aperio became part of BlackRock in February 2021, Patrick transitioned to a role as Senior Advisor and Chief Tax Economist. Prior to co-founding Aperio, Mr. Geddes was the Director of Quantitative Research and CFO of Morningstar. Before Morningstar, he spent five years with Amoco, now part of BP, in the U.S. and Europe providing quantitative analysis, currency hedging and tax-optimized cash-flow modeling. Mr. Geddes received his MBA with honors in finance from the University of Chicago and his BA from Yale University. He has published a number of articles in investment journals on after-tax investing, including "What Would Yale Do If It Were Taxable?" in the _Financial Analysts Journal_.